The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus dicruroides) belongs to the family of cuckoos, roadrunners, koels and coucals, Cuculidae.
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species are distributed in Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia and southern China. These cuckoo species are brood parasites, laying eggs in the nest of other birds and relying on the host to raise their young. These cuckoos are polytypic species.
Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo - Overview
- Scientific name: Surniculus dicruroides
- Species author: (Hodgson, 1839)
- Synonyms/Protonym: Pseudornis Dicruroïdes Hodgson, 1839
- Family: Cuculidae › Cuculiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
- Vernacular names: English: Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo, Chinese: *乌鹃, French: Coucou à queue fourchue, German: Gabelschwanz-Drongokuckuck, Spanish: Cuclillo drongo coliahorquillado, Russian: Fork-tailed Drongo-cuckoo
- Other names: Asian Drongo-Cuckoo, Fork-tailed cuckoo
- Distribution: Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia, southern China
- Diet and feeding habits: insects, fruits, berries, figs
- IUCN status listing: Least Concern (LC)
Appearance, physical description and identification
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus dicruroides) is a small cuckoo with a forked tail, measuring 25 cm in length and weighing 30 to 50 grams. Both the sexes look alike.The overall plumage of fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo is black with steel-blue gloss. The head and upper back are less glossy. In the nape there is often a concealed white patch at the base of the feathers.
The underparts are black. The long feathers on the leg are white. The undertail coverts have thin white bars. The underwing coverts are black. The bend of wing is black.
The inner pair of tail feathers aka rectrices (R1 and R2) are shorter than the next pair (R3). The R3 have outer web broad at tip. The R4 is curved, narrow and bent outward to give fork-tailed appearance. The outer tail feathers (R5) are short and have oblique white bars.
The juveniles are dull black and have fine white spots on head, wings and breast. The tail feathers have white tips with shallow fork. There is white patch on the nape. The nestlings have orange mouth lining.
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo bill is straight and black in color. The irises are dark brown. The skin around the eye is black. The feet are dark gray. Their call is a loud clear piping whistling sound "pip-pip-pip-pip-pip" in ascending notes.
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| 1.Birds of India - Image of Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo - Surniculus dicruroides by Mailamal |
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| 2.Indian birds - Picture of Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo - Surniculus dicruroides by Sandeep Gangadharan |
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| 3.Birds of India - Photo of Fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo - Surniculus dicruroides by PJeganathan |
Origin, geographical range and distribution
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species are distributed in India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and China.Breeding migrant populations of these fork-tailed cuckoo species occur in lower Himalayas, central and northeast India, Nepal, Bhutan, northern Myanmar, southern China and northern Vietnam.
The wintering fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo populations are distributed in Myanmar, China (southern Yunnan) Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia (Sumatra, west Java). Resident populations occur in southwest India, Sri Lanka and China (Hainan).
In India, these fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species are distributed in the states of Kerala, Tamilnadu, Karnataka, Goa, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram.
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo nominate subspecies S. d. dicruroides is distributed in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia and China. The subspecies S. d. stewarti is distributed in Sri Lanka.
Ecosystem and habitat
These fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species have medium forest dependence. These species normally occur in altitudes from 0 to 2100 meters. The artificial ecosystems of these cuckoo species include rural gardens and plantations.The natural ecosystems of these fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species include tropical and subtropical dry shrublands, open forests, tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests, bamboo forests and tropical and subtropical mangrove vegetations.
Diet and feeding behavior
The diet of the fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo consists mainly of insects. Caterpillars and flying insects like dragon flies, bees, wasps, grasshoppers, locust, cicadas, beetles and moths are their primary food. Occasionally they feed on fruits and figs.These cuckoos are mostly arboreal and glean insects from small branches and leaves in the canopy. They are also known to hawk insects.
Reproduction and breeding habits
These fork-tailed cuckoo species are brood parasites, laying eggs in the nest of other birds and relying on the host to raise their young. The breeding season coincides with breeding season of the local host species.The breeding season of these fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species in Nepal is during June. In India, the breeding season in general is from March to October. The laying season in Myanmar is from April to June.
The hosts of fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo are mainly small birds like Nepal fulvetta (Alcippe nipalensis), dark-fronted babbler (Rhopocichla atriceps), forktails (Enicurus spp.), sooty-headed bulbul (Pycnonotus aurigaster), shrikes (Lanius spp.) and striated grassbird (Megalurus palustris).
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo lays a single egg in the host nest. The egg is white with fine purple splotches. The incubation period and fledging period are not known. The nestling cuckoo evicts the eggs and hatchlings of the host.
Migration and movement patterns
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo species are partially migrant birds.The northern breeding cuckoo populations in central, north and northeast India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, north Myanmar and north Vietnam migrate south from September onwards for wintering.
Some fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo populations in south India, Sri Lanka and China (Hainan) are resident.
Post breeding, the juvenile cuckoos may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. They may make local movements for feeding and breeding within their range.
Conservation and survival
The global population size of the fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus dicruroides) has not been quantified. The overall population trend of these species is reported to be decreasing.Throughout its range this cuckoo species is reported to be locally common to rare. The generation length is 4.2 years. Its distribution size is about 9,710,000 sq.km.
Hunting and habitat loss and degradation are the main threats that may endanger the survival of these cuckoo species.
IUCN and CITES status
The fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus dicruroides) does not approach the thresholds for being Vulnerable, either under the range size criterion, or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion.The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the cuckoo species and has listed it as of "Least Concern". The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for fork-tailed drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus dicruroides).
| Taxonomy and scientific classification of Surniculus dicruroides | |
|---|---|
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Cuculiformes |
| Family: | Cuculidae |
| Subfamily: | - |
| Genus: | Surniculus |
| Species: | S. dicruroides |
| Binomial name: | Surniculus dicruroides |
| IUCN status listing: |
 Least Concern |
The two recognized subspecies of Surniculus dicruroides are: Surniculus dicruroides dicruroides (Hodgson, 1839) and Surniculus dicruroides stewarti E. C. S. Baker, 1920.
1.Photo source: https://en.wikipedia.org (cropped)
Photo author: Mailamal | License: CC BY-SA 3.0
2.Photo source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23285057@N04/5229826841 (cropped)
Photo author: Sandeep Gangadharan | License: CC BY 2.0 as on 7/6/17
3.Photo source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fork-tailed_drongo-cuckoo_(Surniculus_dicruroides)_from_the_Anaimalai_hills_JEG3950.jpg (cropped)
Photo author: PJeganathan | License: CC BY-SA 4.0
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