Common kestrel

   ›      ›   Common kestrel - Falco tinnunculus.

The common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) belongs to the family Falconidae. These common kestrel species are distributed in Indian Subcontinent, Europe, Asia and Africa.

Taxonomy of Common kestrel

  • Scientific Name: Falco tinnunculus
  • Common Name: Common kestrel
  • French: Faucon crécerelle; German: Turmfalke; Spanish: Cernícalo vulgar;
  • Other names: Eurasian Kestrel; Falco rupicolus Daudin, 1800; Falco tinnunculus interstictus;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: Linnaeus, 1758
Falco tinnunculus is closely related to F. newtoni, F. punctatus, F. araeus, F. moluccensis, F. cenchroides and F. sparverius. The twelve recognized subspecies are: F. t. tinnunculus Linnaeus, 1758, F. t. perpallidus (A. H. Clark, 1907), F. t. interstinctus McClelland, 1840, F. t. objurgatus (E. C. S. Baker, 1927), F. t. canariensis (Koenig, 1890), F. t. dacotiae E. J. O. Hartert, 1913, F. t. neglectus Schlegel, 1873, F. t. alexandri Bourne, 1955, F. t. rupicolaeformis (C. L. Brehm, 1855), F. t. archeri E. J. O. Hartert & Neumann, 1932, F. t. rufescens Swainson, 1837 and F. t. rupicolus Daudin, 1800.

Indian birds - Common kestrel - Falco tinnunculus
Indian birds - Common kestrel - Falco tinnunculus
Indian birds - Falco tinnunculus hunting
Indian birds - Falco tinnunculus hunting

Description

The common kestrel is a small bird of prey, measuring 25 to 35 cm in length and weighing 135 to 250 grams. The female bird is slightly larger and weighs 155 to 310 grams. The wingspan is 55 to 80 cm. The head and tail are grey in male kestrel. The rest of the plumage is mainly light chestnut brown with blackish spots on the upperside and brown with narrow blackish streaks on the underside. The cere, feet and the narrow ring around the eye in these kestrel species are bright yellow. The toenails, bill and iris are greyish black. The kestrel call is a fast, shrill kik-kik-kik-kik sound.

Habitat

The common kestrel species inhabit fields, heaths, shrubland, wetlands, moorlands, arid savanna and marshland.

Feeding habits

The common kestrel mainly feed on small mammals, particularly voles and other rodents. They also prey on small birds.

Breeding

The breeding season of these kestrel species varies depending upon the climate in their range. They nest in holes in cliffs, trees or buildings. The clutch normally contains three to six eggs. The female incubates the eggs. The male hunts and feeds the incubating female.

Distribution

The common kestrel subspecies F. t. tinnunculus is distributed in Africa, Europe, Siberia, Middle East, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan and Southeast Asia. The subspecies F. t. perpallidus is distributed in Siberia, Korea and China and winters in Southeast Asia. The kestrel subspecies F. t. interstinctus occurs in China and Japan. It winters in India, Malay Peninsula, Philippines and Indonesia. The subspecies F. t. objurgatus is distributed in South India and Sri Lanka. The subspecies F. t. canariensis occurs in Madeira and Canary Islands. The common kestrel subspecies F. t. dacotiae is distributed in Canary Islands. The subspecies F. t. neglectus and F. t. alexandri are distributed in Cape Verde Islands. The subspecies F. t. rupicolaeformis occurs in Africa and Arabia. The kestrel subspecies F. t. archeri is distributed in Somalia and Kenya. The subspecies F. t. rufescens occurs in western and central Africa. The common kestrel subspecies F. t. rupicolus is distributed in Angola, Congo, Tanzania and South Africa.

Movement Patterns

The common kestrel populations in the northern ranges are migratory moving southwards for wintering. The populations in the warmer areas are mainly sedentary.

Status and conservation

The common kestrel global population is estimated to be between 4,310,000 to 6,370,000 mature individual birds. Habitat degradation, felling of trees, overgrazing, agricultural expansion, windmills and dearth of prey are the main threats to the survival of these species of birds.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these kestrel species and has listed them as of "Least Concern".

Biological classification of Falco tinnunculus
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. tinnunculus
Binomial name:Falco tinnunculus
Distribution:India Subcontinent, Europe, Asia and Africa;
Feeding habits:mainly small mammals and also passerine birds;
IUCN status listing:
Least Concern

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Red-necked falcon

   ›      ›   Red-necked falcon - Falco chicquera.

The red-necked falcon (Falco chicquera) belongs to the family Falconidae. These red-necked falcon species are distributed in Indian Subcontinent and Iran.

Taxonomy of Red-necked falcon

  • Scientific Name: Falco chicquera
  • Common Name: Red-necked falcon
  • French: Faucon chicquera; German: Rotkopffalke; Spanish: Alcotán turumti;
  • Other names: Red-headed Merlin; Turumtia chicquera Blyth, 1863; Chicquera typus Bonaparte, 1854; Aesalon chicquera Blanford, 1895;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: Daudin, 1800
Falco chicquera is closely related to F. ruficollis. It was earlier treated as conspecific with F. ruficollis.

Description

The red-necked falcon is a small bird of prey, measuring 30 to 35 cm in length and weighing 160 grams. The female falcon is larger and weighs 250 grams. The wingspan is 55 to 70 cm. It has a bright rufous crown and nape. The wings and upper parts are bluish grey. The legs, ceres and eye ring are yellow. The tip of the bill is black. The wing is short and pointed. The tail is long and rounded. Their call is a shrill kee..kee.. sound.
Indian birds - Image of Red-necked falcon - Falco chicquera
Indian birds - Image of Red-necked falcon - Falco chicquera

Habitat

These species of birds inhabit trees around open grounds, waterways, savannah, dry open country and semi-deserts.

Feeding habits

These falcon species feeds on small birds like sparrows, starlings and pigeons.

Breeding

Their breeding season in India is during January to March. Usually old tree nests of other birds are used. The clutch may contain three to five eggs.

Distribution

These falcon species are distributed in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Iran.

Movement Patterns

The red-necked falcon are mostly resident and nomadic in certain areas like Northeast India.

Status and conservation

The red-necked falcon population is undergoing decline. Habitat destruction and dearth in prey supply are the main threats to the survival of these bird species.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these falcon species and has listed them as "Near Threatened".

Biological classification of Falco chicquera
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. chicquera
Binomial name:Falco chicquera
Distribution:India Subcontinent and Iran;
Feeding habits:mainly small birds;
IUCN status listing:
Near Threatened

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Amur falcon

   ›      ›   Amur falcon - Falco amurensis.

The Amur falcon (Falco amurensis) belongs to the family Falconidae. These Amur falcon species are distributed in India, Africa and Northeast Asia.

Taxonomy of Amur falcon

  • Scientific Name: Falco amurensis
  • Common Name: Amur falcon
  • French: Faucon de l’Amour; German: Amurfalke; Spanish: Cernícalo del Amur;
  • Other names: Eastern red-footed falcon; Erythropus amurensis; Falco vespertinus var. amurensis;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: Radde, 1863
Falco amurensis is closely related to F. vespertinus.

Indian birds - Amur falcon - Falco amurensis
1.Indian birds - Amur falcon - Falco amurensis

Description

The Amur falcon is a small raptor, measuring 25 to 30 cm in length and weighing 100 to 155 grams. The female falcon is slightly larger and weighs 110 to 190 grams. The males have dark sooty grey back. The thighs, vent and undertail coverts are reddish brown. The female is paler, having dark scaly markings on white underparts. The eye ring, cere and legs are orange in color. Their call is a fast repeated kee..keee.. sound.

Habitat

The Amur falcon species inhabit open woods and marshes during the breeding season. Migrating birds roost and stay near open forests.

Feeding habits

These falcon species feed on insects, capturing them in the air or on the ground. They are known to feed on small birds and frogs. During their migration, it is believed that their diet mainly consists of migrating dragonflies.

Breeding

The Amur falcon breeding season is between May and June. Abandoned nest platforms belonging to other birds and tree hollows are used for nesting. The clutch may contain three to four eggs. Both the parents take part in incubating eggs and feeding chicks.

Distribution

The breeding populations of these birds are distributed in Southeast Siberia and Amurland in Russia, northeastern Mongolia, northeastern China and North Korea. They migrate to southeastern Africa in winter. They make a stop over in Nagaland (northeastern India).

Movement Patterns

The Amur falcons breed in northeastern Asia, including Southeast Siberia, Mongolia, China and North Korea. During their wintering migration to southern Africa these falcons exhibit flocking behaviour. They make a stop over in Northeast India, especially the Nagaland State. In 2012, mass trapping and capture of migrating Amur falcons occurred in Nagaland (India).

Status and conservation

The falcon global population is estimated to number more than 1,000,000 individual birds. These species of birds have an extremely large range and are considered least vulnerable. Mass trapping, capturing and slaughtering of migrating and roosting flocks is the main threat to the survival of these species of birds.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these falcon species and has listed them as of "Least Concern".

Biological classification of Falco amurensis
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. amurensis
Binomial name:Falco amurensis
Distribution:Northeast Asia, India and Africa;
Feeding habits:small birds and insects;
IUCN status listing:
Least Concern

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Merlin

   ›      ›   Merlin - Falco columbarius.

The merlin (Falco columbarius) belongs to the family Falconidae. These merlin species are distributed in Indian subcontinent, Europe, Africa, Asia, North America, south America and southeast Asia.

Taxonomy of Merlin

  • Scientific Name: Falco columbarius
  • Common Name: Merlin
  • French: Faucon émerillon; German: Merlin; Spanish: Esmerejón;
  • Other names: Aesalon columbarius (Linnaeus, 1758); Falco aesalon Tunstall, 1771;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: Linnaeus, 1758
Falco columbarius is closely related to F. chicquera. The nine recognized subspecies are: F. c. subaesalon C. L. Brehm, 1827, F. c. aesalon Tunstall, 1771, F. c. insignis (A. H. Clark, 1907), F. c. pacificus (Stegmann, 1929), F. c. pallidus (Sushkin, 1900), F. c. lymani Bangs, 1913, F. c. suckleyi Ridgway, 1874, F. c. columbarius Linnaeus, 1758 and F. c. richardsonii Ridgway, 1871.

Indian birds - Image of Merlin - Falco columbarius
Indian birds - Image of Merlin - Falco columbarius

Description

The merlin is a small bird of prey, measuring 25 to 35 cm in length and weighing 150 to 200 grams. The female marlin is larger and weighs 190 to 260 grams. The wingspan is 50 to 70 cm. Merlin is robust and heavily built falcon. The male has a blue-grey back and buff- to orange-tinted underparts. The tail has wide blackish bands. The eye and beak are dark and the cere is yellow. The feet are also yellow, with black claws. Its call is a chain of kee..kee.. sound.

Habitat

The merlin habitat is extremely varied. They are found in sea levels as well as high mountains. Merlins inhabit scrubs, shrubland, taiga forest, parks, grasslands, steppe and prairies.

Feeding habits

The merlin feeds on small birds ( larks, pipits, house sparrows, sandpipers, flickers and rock pigeons) reptiles, bats, voles and large insects.

Breeding

The merlin breeding season is during March to June. They mostly use abandoned nests of other birds with dense vegetative or rocky cover. The clutch may contain four to five eggs. Most of the incubation is done by the female and the male hunts and feeds the family.

Distribution

The merlin subspecies F. c. subaesalon is distributed in Iceland. The subspecies F. c. aesalon distributed in northern Europe and northern Asia. The subspecies F. c. insignis distributed in eastern Siberia. The subspecies F. c. pacificus distributed in Far East Russia. The merlin subspecies F. c. pallidus distributed in steppes of Central Asia. The subspecies F. c. lymani distributed in mountains of Central Asia and Mongolia. The subspecies F. c. suckleyi distributed in Pacific coast of North America. The subspecies F. c. columbarius distributed in North America including Alaska and Central Canada. The merlin subspecies F. c. richardsonii distributed in plains of North America.

Movement Patterns

The merlin species are mostly migratory and the northern populations move southwards for wintering.

Status and conservation

The global population of merlin is estimated to number more than 1,300,000 individual birds. These species have an extremely large range and are considered least vulnerable. There is significant increase in merlin population.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these merlin species and has listed them as of "Least Concern".

Biological classification of Falco columbarius
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. columbarius
Binomial name:Falco columbarius
Distribution:Europe, Africa, Asia, Indian subcontinent, North America, south America and southeast Asia;
Feeding habits:small birds, bats, reptiles and insects;
IUCN status listing:
Least Concern

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Eurasian hobby

   ›      ›   Eurasian hobby - Falco subbuteo.

The Eurasian hobby (Falco subbuteo) belongs to the family Falconidae. These Eurasian hobby species are distributed in Indian subcontinent, Europe, Africa, Asia, Indochina and southeast Asia.

Taxonomy of Eurasian hobby

  • Scientific Name: Falco subbuteo
  • Common Name: Oriental hobby
  • French: Faucon hobereau German: Baumfalke Spanish: Alcotán europeo;
  • Other names: Northern hobby;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: Linnaeus, 1758
Falco subbuteo is closely related to F. cuvierii, F. severus and F. longipennis. The two recognized subspecies are: F. s. subbuteo Linnaeus, 1758 and F. s. streichi E. J. O. Hartert & Neumann, 1907.

Indian birds - Image of Eurasian hobby - Falco subbuteo
Indian birds - Image of Eurasian hobby - Falco subbuteo

Description

The Eurasian hobby is a small bird of prey, measuring 30 to 35 cm and weighing 130 to 230 grams. The female hobby is much larger and weighs 140 to 340 grams. The wingspan is 70 to 85 cm. It has slate-grey back and a dark crown. It has two short black moustachial stripes. The throat is white and thighs and undertail coverts are rufous. The underparts are white with black streaks. Its call is a plaintive sound.

Habitat

These hobby species inhabit open wooded country, farmland, marshes and savanna with trees on the fringe.

Feeding habits

The Eurasian hobby species feed on large insects like dragonflies, beetles, moths, grasshoppers and locusts. They may also prey upon small birds and bats.

Breeding

The Eurasian hobby breeding season is during June and July. They nest on trees, using the abandoned nests of other birds. The clutch contains two to four eggs. Both the parents take part in incubating and raising the chicks.

Distribution

The subspecies F. s. subbuteo is distributed in Indian subcontinent, Europe, Africa, Asia and southeast Asia. The subspecies F. s. streichi is distributed in China, Indochina and Myanmar.

Movement Patterns

The Eurasian hobby are mostly migratory, the European birds move to Africa for wintering whereas the Asian birds move to Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia. The wintering migration occurs during August and October and the return to the breeding grounds is during March and April.

Status and conservation

The Eurasian hobby global population is estimated to number about 400,000 individual birds. These species of hobby have extremely large range and are considered least vulnerable. The destruction of forest habitats, human disturbance, hunting and wind energy structures are the major threats to the survival of these species of hobby.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these hobby species and has listed them as of "Least Concern".

Biological classification of Falco subbuteo
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. subbuteo
Binomial name:Falco subbuteo
Distribution:Europe, Africa, Asia, Indian subcontinent, Indochina and southeast Asia;
Feeding habits:mostly insects;
IUCN status listing:
Least Concern

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Oriental hobby

   ›      ›   Oriental hobby - Falco severus.

The Oriental hobby (Falco severus) belongs to the family Falconidae. These Oriental hobby species are distributed in India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Island, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.

Taxonomy of Oriental hobby

  • Scientific Name: Falco severus
  • Common Name: Oriental hobby
  • French: Faucon aldrovandin; German: Malaienbaumfalke; Spanish: Alcotán filipino;
  • Other names: Falco severus Horsfield, 1821;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: Horsfield, 1821
Falco severus is closely related to F. longipennis. The two recognized subspecies are: F. s. severus Horsfield, 1821 and F. s. papuanus Meyer & Wiglesworth, 1893.

Indian birds - Image of Oriental hobby - Falco severus
Indian birds - Image of Oriental hobby - Falco severus

Description

The Oriental hobby is a small bird of prey, measuring 25 to 30 cm in length and weighing 170 to 250 grams. The wingspan is 60 to 70 cm. These hobby species have a black hood and pale throat. They have bluish-grey back and rufous underparts. The tail is short and the wings reach up to the tail tip. The legs are yellow. Their call is a repeated “kee-kee" sound.

Habitat

The Oriental hobby species inhabit forest clearings, lowland forests, mangroves and foothill forests.

Feeding habits

The Oriental hobby species feed mainly on insects. They have been observed to prey on small birds and bats.

Breeding

The Oriental hobby nests on the stick nests of other birds in trees, building ledges or on cliffs. The breeding season is from April to July in India.

Distribution

The subspecies F. s. severus is distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bangladesh, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Indonesia and Philippines. The subspecies F. s. papuanus is distributed in New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Island.

Movement Patterns

The Himalayan hobby are migratory and move southwards to south India and Sri Lanka for wintering. Other hobby populations appear to be sedentary.

Status and conservation

The Oriental hobby population is estimated to number 1,000-10,000 individual birds. These hobby species have extremely large range and are considered least vulnerable. Deforestation and habitat loss are the main threats to the survival of these falcon species.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these hobby species and has listed them as of "Least Concern".

Biological classification of Falco severus
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. severus
Binomial name:Falco severus
Distribution:India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Thailand, Indochina, Indonesia, Philippines, New Guinea, Solomon Island, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;
Feeding habits:Insects, small birds and bats;
IUCN status listing:
Least Concern

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Laggar falcon

   ›      ›   Laggar falcon - Falco jugger.

The laggar falcon (Falco jugger) belongs to the family Falconidae. These laggar falcon species are distributed in India, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar.

Taxonomy of Laggar falcon

  • Scientific Name: Falco jugger
  • Common Name: Laggar falcon
  • French: Faucon laggar; German: Laggarfalke; Spanish: Halcón yággar;
  • Other names: Falco jugger J. E. Gray, 1834;
  • Family: Falconidae › Falconiformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
  • Species author: J.E. Gray, 1834
Falco jugger is closely related to F. biarmicus, F. cherrug and F. rusticolus.

Indian birds - Image of Laggar falcon - Falco jugger
Indian birds - Image of Laggar falcon - Falco jugger

Description

The laggar falcon is a medium sized bird of prey, measuring 40 to 45 cm in length and weighing 500 to 850 grams. The wingspan is 90 to 110 cm. These birds have dark plumage on the back. The face, cheeks and throat are pale. The chest is striated. They appear slender with long wings and tail. Their call is a loud "we-ee-ee" sound.

Habitat

These species of birds inhabit arid open areas, dry woodland, cultivated areas and open country with scattered trees near human habitations.

Feeding habits

These falcon species feed mostly on birds, especially game birds and passerines. They also feed on small mammals and lizards.

Breeding

The laggar falcon breeding season is from January to May. They have been observed to use the stick nest of other birds and tree holes. The clutch consists of three to five eggs.

Distribution

These falcon species are distributed in India, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar. They are conspicuously absent in south India.

Movement Patterns

These falcon species are resident birds and are sedentary. They move around their range while foraging.

Status and conservation

The laggar falcon global population was estimated at 15,000 to 30,000 individual birds. There is rapid decline in the population and these species of falcons are considered near threatened. The spread of agriculture and use of pesticides, trapping and capture for falconry and habitat destruction are the main threats to the survival of these species of birds.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated these falcon species and has listed them as "Near Threatened".

Biological classification of Falco jugger
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Falconiformes
Family:Falconidae
Subfamily:-
Genus:Falco
Species:F. jugger
Binomial name:Falco jugger
Distribution:India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Myanmar;
Feeding habits:birds, reptiles and small mammals;
IUCN status listing:
Near Threatened

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