Para oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus)

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Para oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus), also known as Olive oropendola, belongs to the family Icteridae.

The Para oropendola species is endemic to Brazil and is found in the Amazon forests. The oropendola is a non-migratory resident birds. This oropendola species is monotypic.

Key Facts	Description
Pictures of Para Oropendola	Distribution
Ecosystem & Habitat	Conservation

Para oropendola - Description and identification

The Psarocolius bifasciatus species is a large oropendola measuring 45 to 55 cm in length and weighing 200 to 430 grams. The males are larger.

These species have chestnut colored back, wings, flanks and belly. The head and chest are dark. There are yellowish outer rectrices. The facial skin is pinkish.

The black bill is stout, long, pointed with orange tip. The legs and feet are grayish. The irises are brown. The eye ring is pale gray. The call is a gurgling "stek-ek-ek-ek" sound.

1.Para oropendola - Psarocolius bifasciatus
Image by Francis de Laporte de Castelnau

2.Para oropendola - Psarocolius bifasciatus
Image by Carol Foil

Para oropendola - Geographical range and distribution

This oropendola species is endemic to Brazil and is found in the southern Amazon forest and the Amazon delta in the state of Para.

Ecosystem and habitat

The Para oropendola species have high forest dependence. They normally occur in altitudes between 0 to 100 meters.The artificial ecosystems and habitats include plantations near the forests.

The natural ecosystems and habitats of these species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests, tall broadleaf forests and tropical and subtropical moist swamp and estuarine forests.

Diet and feeding behavior

The diet of these species consists mainly of berries and fruits. Berries, fruits, insects and small vertebrates are their primary food.

They are particularly adapted for feeding on the forest canopy. They feed alone or in pairs. Sometimes, they feed in small groups.

Reproduction and breeding habits

The breeding season of these species is during the month of February. They breed in small colonies.

The nest is a long, hanging bag-like structure, built with plant fibers and vines. Not much is known about their reproductive and nesting habits.

Migration and movement patterns

The Para oropendola species are non-migratory, resident birds.

Post breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. Within their range they may make local movements for feeding and breeding.

Para oropendola - Quick Facts

• Scientific name: Psarocolius bifasciatus
• Species author: (von Spix, 1824)
• Synonyms/Protonym: Cassicus bifasciatus Spix, 1824
• Family: Icteridae › Passeriformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
• Vernacular names: English: Para oropendola, Chinese: 亚马孙拟掠鸟, French: Cassique du Para, German: Parástirnvogel, Spanish: Cacique de Pará, Russian: Амазонская оропендола, Japanese: チャバラオオツリスドリ
• Other names: Amazonian Oropendola, Olive Oropendola
• Distribution: endemic to Brazil
• Diet and feeding habits: fruits, nectar, insects, small vertebrates
• IUCN status listing: Least Concern (LC)

Para oropendola - Conservation and survival

The global population size of the Para oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus) has not been quantified. The overall population trend of the species is considered to be decreasing.

In most of its range, this species is reported to be uncommon to rare. The generation length is 4.6 years. Its distribution size is about 178,000 sq.km.

Ecosystem degradation, ecosystem conversion and deforestation are the main threats that may endanger the survival of the species.

IUCN and CITES status

The Para oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus) species does not approach the thresholds for being Vulnerable either under the range size criterion or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the species and has listed it as of "Least Concern (LC)".

The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for the Para oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus).

Taxonomy and scientific classification of Psarocolius bifasciatus
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Subfamily:	-
Genus:	Psarocolius
Species:	P. bifasciatus
Binomial name:	Psarocolius bifasciatus
IUCN status listing:	Least Concern

The Olive oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus) is closely related to the Amazonian Oropendola (Psarocolius yuracares).

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1.Para oropendola image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psarocolius_(bifasciatus)_yurucares_-_Castelnau.jpg
Image author: Francis de Laporte de Castelnau | Public domain
2.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/dermoidhome/3781548597
Image author: Carol Foil | License: CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 as on 1/18/19
Link to Creative Commons copyright licenses

Updated Jan 18, 2020
Recently updated and current topic in Bird World: Para oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus).

Ecuadorian cacique | American birds

Home   ›   Yellow-rumped siskin   ›   Ecuadorian cacique - Cacicus sclateri

The Ecuadorian cacique (Cacicus sclateri) belongs to the family of New World orioles, oropendolas and caciques, the Icteridae.

The Ecuadorian cacique is distributed over Colombia, Ecuador and Peru in South America. The cacique species are non-migrant resident birds. These caciques are monotypic.

Overview & Quick Facts	Description & Identification
Pictures of Ecuadorian Cacique	Distribution & Range
Ecosystem & Habitat	Diet & Feeding Behavior
Breeding Habits	Migration & Movement Patterns
Conservation & Survival	IUCN Status
Taxonomy & Classification	Bird World

Appearance, physical description and identification

The Ecuadorian cacique (Cacicus sclateri) is a slender cacique, measuring 19 to 23 cm in length and weighing 50 to 60 grams.

The Ecuadorian cacique has entirely black plumage. There may be a few yellow feathers on the rump. The tail is long.

The bill is long, pointed and whitish. The legs and feet are grayish. The irises are pale blue. There is a pale gray eye-ring. Their call is a loud "peek.. peek.. pio.. pio" sound.

Ecuadorian cacique - Cacicus sclateri
Image by Alphonse Joseph Charles Dubois

Origin, geographical range and distribution

The Ecuadorian cacique species are distributed over southwest Colombia, western Ecuador and northern Peru in South America.

The Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) of the Ecuadorian cacique in Colombia is Riberas del Río Duda. The IBA of these species in Peru is Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria.

The IBA of these species in Ecuador are, Territorio Achuar, Arajuno-Alto Napo, Reserva de Producción Faunística Cuyabeno and Bajo Napo.

Ecosystem and habitat

The Ecuadorian cacique species have moderate forest dependence. They normally occur in altitudes between 0 to 550 meters. The artificial ecosystems and habitats include plantations, rural gardens and degraded forests.

The natural ecosystems and habitats of the cacique species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests, seasonal flood plain forests, tropical and subtropical swamps and foothill forests.

Diet and feeding behavior

The diet of the Ecuadorian cacique species consists mainly of invertebrates. Insects, caterpillars, beetles, ants, spiders, fruits and nectar are their primary food.

These species are mostly arboreal and moving through the tree canopy, glean insects from the foliage. Sometimes, they forage in pairs or in small family groups.

Reproduction and breeding habits

The breeding season of these Ecuadorian cacique species is during January in most of their breeding range. They are believed to be monogamous solitary breeders. Not much is known about their reproduction and breeding habits.

Migration and movement patterns

These species are non-migratory, sedentary birds.

Post breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. They may make local movements within their range for feeding and breeding.

Ecuadorian cacique - Quick Facts

• Scientific name: Cacicus sclateri
• Species author: (Dubois, 1887)
• Synonyms/Protonym: Agelaeus sclateri A. J. C. Dubois, 1887
• Family: Icteridae › Passeriformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
• Vernacular names: English: Ecuadorian cacique, Chinese: 厄瓜多尔酋长鹂, French: Cassique d’Équateur, German: Trauerkassike, Spanish: Cacique ecuatoriano, Russian: Эквадорский чёрный кассик, Japanese: ヒメクロツリスドリ
• Other names: Ecuadorian Black Cacique
• Distribution:Colombia, Ecuador, Peru
• Diet and feeding habits: insects, fruits, nectar
• IUCN status listing: Least Concern (LC)

Conservation and survival

The global population size of the Ecuadorian cacique (Cacicus sclateri) has not been quantified. The overall population trend of the species is reported to be stable.

In most of its range, this species is reported to be fairly common (Stotz et al. 1996). The generation length is 4.6 years. Its distribution size is about 323,000 sq.km.

Ecosystem degradation, ecosystem conversion, deforestation, human activities in their range are the main threats that may endanger the survival of the species.

IUCN and CITES status

The Cacicus sclateri species does not approach the thresholds for being Vulnerable either under the range size criterion or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the species and has listed it as of "Least Concern (LC)".

The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for the Ecuadorian cacique (Cacicus sclateri).

Taxonomy and scientific classification of Cacicus sclateri
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Subfamily:	-
Genus:	Cacicus
Species:	C. sclateri
Binomial name:	Cacicus sclateri
IUCN status listing:	Least Concern

The Ecuadorian cacique (Cacicus sclateri) was earlier placed under the genus Archiplanus. The Cacicus sclateri is closely related to Selva cacique (Cacicus koepckeae).

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Ecuadorian cacique image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cacicus_sclateri_1888.jpg
Image author: Alphonse Joseph Charles Dubois | License: Public domain
Link to Creative Commons copyright licenses

Updated Jan 7, 2019
Recently updated and current topic in Bird World: Ecuadorian cacique - Cacicus sclateri.

Golden-winged cacique | American birds

Bird World   ›   Black siskin   ›   Golden-winged cacique - Cacicus chrysopterus

The golden-winged cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus) belongs to the family of cowbirds, oropendolas and caciques, the Icteridae.

The golden-winged cacique is distributed over Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and Brazil in South America. These cacique species have overall black plumage with bright yellow wing patch. These caciques are monotypic species.

Overview & Quick Facts	Description & Identification
Pictures of Golden-winged Cacique	Distribution & Range
Ecosystem & Habitat	Diet & Feeding Behavior
Breeding Habits	Migration & Movement Patterns
Conservation & Survival	IUCN Status
Taxonomy & Classification	Bird World

Appearance, physical description and identification

The golden-winged cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus) is a medium-sized cacique, measuring 19 to 21 cm in length and weighing 30 to 47 grams. The males are slightly larger.

The golden-winged cacique has overall slightly glossy, black plumage. There is a bright yellow patch on the folded wing and the lower rump. The tail is slightly notched. There is a small black crest on the crown.

The bill is conical, sharp and pale gray in color. The short legs and feet are blackish. The irises are blackish. There is a whitish eye-ring. Their call is a varying, low-pitched, musical sound.

1.South American bird - Golden-winged cacique - Cacicus chrysopterus
Image by Dario Sanches

2.South American bird - Golden-winged cacique - Cacicus chrysopterus
Image by Dario Sanches

3.South American bird - Golden-winged cacique - Cacicus chrysopterus
Image by Lip Kee Yap

Origin, geographical range and distribution

The golden-winged cacique is distributed over Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia and Brazil in South America.

Ecosystem and habitat

These golden-winged cacique species have moderate forest dependence. They normally occurs in altitudes between 0 to 2000 meters.

The natural ecosystems and habitats of these species include tropical and subtropical dry forests, tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests and tropical and subtropical moist montane forests.

Diet and feeding behavior

The diet of these golden-winged cacique species consists mainly of invertebrates. Insects, beetles, small vertebrates, fruits, berries and nectar are their primary food.

Reproduction and breeding habits

The breeding season of these species is from October to December in Argentina. They are monogamous and solitary nesters. Their nest is a long hanging basket. The nest is built by the female.

Migration and movement patterns

These cacique species are non-migratory, resident birds. The populations in higher altitudes may descent to lower altitudes in winter months.

Post breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. They may make local movements within their range for feeding and breeding.

Golden-winged cacique - Quick Facts

• Scientific name: Cacicus chrysopterus
• Species author: (Vigors, 1825)
• Synonyms/Protonym: Xanthornus Chrysopterus Vigors, 1825
• Family: Icteridae › Passeriformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
• Vernacular names: English: Golden-winged cacique, Chinese: 金翅酋长鹂, French: Cassique à épaulettes, German: Goldschulterkassike, Spanish: Cacique aliamarillo, Russian: Золотокрылый чёрный кассик, Japanese: キンバネツリスドリ
• Other names: Golden-winged Cacique
• Distribution: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Brazil
• Diet and feeding habits: seeds, berries, insects, invertebrates, small vertebrates
• IUCN status listing: Least Concern (LC)

Conservation and survival

The global population size of the golden-winged cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus) has not been quantified. The overall population trend of the species is reported to be stable.

In most of its range, this species is reported to be 'fairly common' (Stotz et al. (1996). The generation length is 4.6 years. Its distribution size is about 2,980,000 sq.km.

Ecosystem degradation, ecosystem conversion and trapping of adults and juveniles for pet-trade are the main threats that may endanger the survival of the cacique species.

IUCN and CITES status

The golden-winged cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus) species does not approach the thresholds for being Vulnerable either under the range size criterion, or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the species and has listed it as of "Least Concern".

The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for the golden-winged cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus).

Taxonomy and scientific classification of Cacicus chrysopterus
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Subfamily:	-
Genus:	Cacicus
Species:	C. chrysopterus
Binomial name:	Cacicus chrysopterus
IUCN status listing:	Least Concern

The golden-winged cacique (Cacicus chrysopterus) is closely related to the solitary cacique (Cacicus solitarius).

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1.Golden-winged cacique image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cacicus_chrysopterus_-Reserva_Guainumbi,_Sao_Luiz_do_Paraitinga,_Sao_Paulo,_Brasil-8.jpg (cropped)
Image author: Dario Sanches | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 11/28/18
2.Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TECEL%C3%83O_(_Cacicus_chrysopterus_).jpg (cropped)
Image author Dario Sanches | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 11/28/18
3.Image source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cacicus_chrysopterus_-Argentina-8.jpg (cropped)
Image author: Lip Kee Yap | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 11/28/18
Website for detailed description and information on distribution, habitat, behavior, feeding and breeding habits, migration and conservation status of beautiful birds with their images.

Updated Nov 28, 2018
Recently updated and current topic in South American birds: Golden-winged cacique - Cacicus chrysopterus with images.

Solitary cacique | American birds

Bird World   ›   Yellow-bellied siskin images   ›   Solitary cacique - Cacicus solitarius

The solitary cacique (Cacicus solitarius) belongs to the family of oropendolas and caciques, the Icteridae.

The solitary cacique is distributed in Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. These cacique species have complete black plumage. These caciques are monotypic species.

Overview & Quick Facts	Description & Identification
Pictures of Solitary Cacique	Distribution & Range
Ecosystem & Habitat	Diet & Feeding Behavior
Breeding Habits	Migration & Movement Patterns
Conservation & Survival	IUCN Status
Taxonomy & Classification	Bird World

Appearance, physical description and identification

The solitary cacique (Cacicus solitarius) is a medium-sized cacique, measuring 23 to 27 cm in length and weighing 80 to 90 grams.

The solitary cacique has overall black plumage with slight gloss. The head, upperparts, underparts and tail are black. The male birds are slightly larger than the females. The tail is long with a slight fork.

The bill is large, white, chisel-shaped and sharp pointed. The legs are blackish. The irises are brown. There is a gray eye-ring. Their call is a repeated "kwoo.. kwoo.. kwaa.. kwaa" sound.

1.Bird World - Solitary black cacique - Cacicus solitarius
Image by Francesco Veronesi

2.Bird World - Solitary black cacique - Cacicus solitarius
Image by Bernard DUPONT

3.Bird World - Solitary black cacique - Cacicus solitarius
Image by Victoria DA.

4.Bird World - Solitary black cacique - Cacicus solitarius
Image by Victoria DA.

5.Bird World - Solitary black cacique - Cacicus solitarius
Image by Victoria DA.

Origin, geographical range and distribution

The solitary cacique is distributed over southwest Venezuela, east Colombia, east Ecuador, east Peru, Brazil, central and east Bolivia, Paraguay, west Uruguay and north and east Argentina in South America.

Ecosystem and habitat

The solitary cacique species have moderate forest dependence. They normally occurs in altitudes between 0 to 500 meters.

The natural ecosystems and habitats of these species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests, tropical and subtropical mangroves, swamps and flooded forests.

Diet and feeding behavior

The diet of these species consists mainly of invertebrates. Insects, worms, small invertebrates, fruits, berries and nectar are their primary food.

They mostly forage for insects and fruits in the middle and upper canopy. They occasionally descent to the floor to feed on insects and small vertebrates.

Reproduction and breeding habits

The breeding season of the solitary cacique species is from October to January in Brazil. The laying season is from October to December in Argentina. In some cases two broods are raised.

These birds are monogamous and nest solitarily. The breeding habitat includes tall trees. The nest is a hanging nest woven with grass, rootlets and plant fiber.

Migration and movement patterns

These species are non-migratory, resident birds.

Post breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. Within their range they may make local movements for feeding and breeding.

Solitary cacique - Quick Facts

• Scientific name: Cacicus solitarius
• Species author: (Vieillot, 1816)
• Synonyms/Protonym: Cassicus solitarius Vieillot, 1816
• Family: Icteridae › Passeriformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia
• Vernacular names: English: Solitary cacique, Chinese: 黑酋长鹂, French: Cassique solitaire, German: Stahlkassike, Spanish: Cacique solitario, Russian: Траурный чёрный кассик, Japanese: アオクロツリスドリ
• Other names: Solitary Cacique, Solitary black cacique
• Distribution: South America
• Diet and feeding habits: insects, small vertebrates, fruits, nectar
• IUCN status listing: Least Concern (LC)

Conservation and survival

The global population size of the solitary cacique (Cacicus solitarius) has not been quantified. The overall population trend of the species is considered to be stable.

In most of its range, this species is reported to be 'fairly common' (Stotz et al. (1996). The generation length is 4.6 years. Its distribution size is about 12,900,000 sq.km.

Ecosystem degradation, ecosystem conversion and deforestation are the main threats that may endanger the survival of the species.

IUCN and CITES status

The solitary cacique (Cacicus solitarius) species does not approach the thresholds for being Vulnerable either under the range size criterion, or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the species and has listed it as of "Least Concern".

The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for the solitary cacique (Cacicus solitarius).

Taxonomy and scientific classification of Cacicus solitarius
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Subfamily:	-
Genus:	Cacicus
Species:	C. solitarius
Binomial name:	Cacicus solitarius
IUCN status listing:	Least Concern

The species Cacicus solitarius is closely related to the Ecuadorian cacique (Cacicus sclateri).

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1.Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_Cacique_-_Pantanal_-_Brazil_H8O0547_(23889343835).jpg (cropped)
Image author: Francesco Veronesi | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 11/3/18
2.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/berniedup/28639940053/ (cropped)
Image author: Bernard DUPONT | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 11/3/18
3.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/30206814@N00/4270297760/
Image author: Victoria DA. | License: CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 as on 11/3/18
4.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/30206814@N00/4269554201/in/photostream/
Image author: Victoria DA. | License: CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 as on 11/3/18
5.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/30206814@N00/4269551683/
Image author: Victoria DA. | License: CC BY-NC-ND 2.0 as on 11/3/18
Website for detailed description and information on distribution, habitat, behavior, feeding and breeding habits, migration and conservation status of beautiful birds with their images.

Updated Nov 3, 2018
Recently updated and current topic in Bird World: Solitary cacique - Cacicus solitarius.

Baudo oropendola | American birds

Oct 24, 2018
Bird World   ›   Olivaceous siskin   ›   Baudo oropendola - Psarocolius cassini

The Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini) belongs to the family of grackles, cowbirds and oropendolas, the Icteridae.

The Baudo oropendola is endemic to northwest Colombia in South America. These oropendola species are considered "Endangered" by the IUCN. These oropendolas are monotypic species.

Overview & Quick Facts	Description & Identification
Pictures of Baudo Oropendola	Distribution & Range
Ecosystem & Habitat	Diet & Feeding Behavior
Breeding Habits	Migration & Movement Patterns
Conservation & Survival	IUCN Status
Taxonomy & Classification	Bird World

Appearance, physical description and identification

The Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini) is a large oropendola, male measuring 46 cm and female 40 cm.

The Baudo oropendola has black hood and underparts. The back, flanks, rump and closed wings are chestnut. There is a bare pink patch on the cheek. The tail is yellow and has blackish central tail-feathers.

The black, long conical bill is tipped pinkish red. The irises are brownish. The legs and feet are grayish. The call is a series of bubbly, tinkling, rattling notes and nasal "wak" sound.

Origin, geographical range and distribution

The Baudo oropendola is endemic to Colombia in South America. They are known "from the foothills and lowlands around the serranías de los Saltos and de Baudó, Chocó, north-west Colombia" (BirdLife International).

There are records of sightings of a nesting colony at the headwaters of the río Acandí in 1991 (Renjifo et al. 2002), two individual birds in north of Ensenada de Utría National Park and a group in the Siviru and Tipicay river basins.

The Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) of these Baudo oropendola species in Colombia is Parque Nacional Natural Ensenada de Utría.

Ecosystem and habitat

The Baudo oropendola species have high forest dependence. They normally occur in altitudes between 100 to 365 meters.

The natural ecosystems and habitats of these species include tropical and subtropical moist lowland forests, secondary growths, river valleys and forest edge along sandy-soiled coastal plain.

Diet and feeding behavior

The diet of the Baudo oropendola species consists mainly of fruits and insects. They forage for fruits and insects in the canopy in small groups.

Reproduction and breeding habits

The breeding season of these Baudo oropendola species is probably during May and June (Jaramillo and Burke 1999). One nesting colony was observed in March 1991.

These species are colonial breeders and the nests are suspended from the lateral branches of tall trees and palm trees.

Migration and movement patterns

The Baudo oropendola species are non-migratory resident birds.

Post breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. Within their range they may make local movements for feeding and breeding.

Baudo oropendola - Quick Facts

• Scientific name: Psarocolius cassini
• Species author: (Richmond, 1898)
• Synonyms/Protonym:Gymnostinops cassini Richmond, 1898
• Family: Icteridae › Passeriformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia,
• Vernacular names: English: Baudo oropendola, Chinese: 栗背拟掠鸟, French: Cassique de Cassin, German: Braunmantel-Stirnvogel, Spanish: Cacique de Cassin, Russian: Каштановая оропендола, Japanese: モモグロオオツリスドリ
• Other names: Baudo Oropendola, Chestnut-mantled Oropendola
• Distribution: endemic to Colombia
• Diet and feeding habits: fruits, insects
• IUCN status listing: Endangered (EN)

Conservation and survival

The global population size of the Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini) is estimated to number 1000 and 2500 individual birds. The overall population trend of the species is considered to be decreasing.

In most of its range, this species is reported to be rare and localised. The generation length is 4.6 years. Its distribution size is about 4,570 sq.km.

Ecosystem degradation, ecosystem conversion, deforestation, logging operations, road laying across the forests and capture for pet-trade are the main threats that may endanger the survival of the species.

IUCN and CITES status

The Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini) species has approached the thresholds for being Vulnerable under the range size criterion, under the population trend criterion and under the population size criterion.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the Baudo oropendola species and has listed it as "Endangered".

The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for the Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini).

Taxonomy and scientific classification of Psarocolius cassini
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Subfamily:	-
Genus:	Psarocolius
Species:	P. cassini
Binomial name:	Psarocolius cassini
IUCN status listing:	Endangered

The Baudo oropendola (Psarocolius cassini) is closely related to the Montezuma oropendola (Psarocolius montezuma), black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus) and olive oropendola (Psarocolius bifasciatus).

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Black oropendola | American birds

Oct 18, 2018
Bird World   ›   Saffron siskin   ›   Black oropendola - Psarocolius guatimozinus

The black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus) belongs to the family of grackles, cowbirds and oropendolas, the Icteridae.

The black oropendola is distributed over eastern Panama in North America and northwest Colombia in South America. These oropendola species are restricted-range species. These oropendolas are monotypic species.

Overview & Quick Facts	Description & Identification
Pictures of Black Oropendola	Distribution & Range
Ecosystem & Habitat	Diet & Feeding Behavior
Breeding Habits	Migration & Movement Patterns
Conservation & Survival	IUCN Status
Taxonomy & Classification	Bird World

Appearance, physical description and identification

The black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus) is a medium-sized oropendola, measuring 40 to 47 cm in length. The males are slightly larger.

The black oropendola has blackish plumage. The back, rump and part of wing coverts are deep chestnut. The tail is yellow with dark gray central feathers. There is a bare blue patch on the face and pink wattle at the base of bill.

The large black bill is tipped yellow. The irises are very pale and creamy. There is a pale gray eye-ring. The legs and feet are grayish. The call is a high pitched "chew.. chew" sound.

1.Bird World - Image of Black oropendola - Psarocolius guatimozinus by John Gerrard Keulemans

Origin, geographical range and distribution

The black oropendola is distributed over eastern Panama in North America and northwest Colombia in South America. These species are restricted-range species and they are monotypic species.

The Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) of black oropendola species in Panama is Darién National Park and in Colombia is Parque Nacional Natural Los Katíos.

Ecosystem and habitat

The black oropendola species have moderate forest dependence. They normally occur in altitudes between 0 to 800 meters.

The natural ecosystems and habitats of these species include subtropical and tropical dry forests, subtropical and tropical moist lowland forests and forest edge near plantations.

Diet and feeding behavior

The diet of the black oropendola species consists mainly of insects. Invertebrates, insects, spiders, small vertebrates, fruits and nectar are their primary food. These species mostly forage high in the canopy.

Reproduction and breeding habits

The breeding season of this oropendola species is in January and February in Panama. The laying season is from April to June in Colombia. These species are colonial breeders. Polygynous behavior has been observed.

The breeding sites include tall trees with horizontal branches. The hanging nests are woven with grass and plant fibers. The clutch contains pale pink eggs with reddish brown blotches. The female takes care of the young.

Migration and movement patterns

The black oropendola species are non-migratory resident birds. Post breeding, the juveniles may disperse and establish in new locations within the range. Within their range they may make local movements for feeding and breeding.

Black oropendola - Quick Facts

• Scientific name: Psarocolius guatimozinus
• Species author: (Bonaparte, 1853)
• Synonyms/Protonym: Ostinops guatimozinus Bonaparte, 1853
• Family: Icteridae › Passeriformes › Aves › Chordata › Animalia,
• Vernacular names: English: Black oropendola, Chinese: 黑拟掠鸟, French: Cassique noir, German: Anthrazitstirnvogel, Spanish: Cacique negro, Russian: Чёрная оропендола, Japanese: クロオオツリスドリ
• Other names: Black Oropendola
• Distribution: South America (northwest Colombia), North America ( east Panama).
• Diet and feeding habits: fruits, insects, invertebrates, small vertebrates
• IUCN status listing: Least Concern (LC)

Conservation and survival

The global population size of the black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus) has not been quantified. The overall population trend of the species is considered to be stable.

In most of its range, this species is reported to be 'fairly common' (Stotz et al. 1996). The generation length is 4.6 years. Its distribution size is about 154,000 sq.km.

Ecosystem degradation, ecosystem conversion, agricultural expansion, deforestation and logging activities are the main threats that are endangering the survival of this oropendola species.

IUCN and CITES status

The black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus) does not approach the thresholds for being Vulnerable either under the range size criterion or under the population trend criterion or under the population size criterion.

The IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) has categorized and evaluated the oropendola species and has listed it as of "Least Concern".

The CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) status is ‘Not Evaluated’ for the black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus).

Taxonomy and scientific classification of Psarocolius guatimozinus
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Icteridae
Subfamily:	-
Genus:	Psarocolius
Species:	P. guatimozinus
Binomial name:	Psarocolius guatimozinus
IUCN status listing:	Least Concern

The black oropendola (Psarocolius guatimozinus) is closely related to the Montezuma oropendola (Psarocolius montezuma) and the Baudó oropendola (Psarocolius cassini).

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Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psarocolius_guatimozinus_1902.jpg
Image author: John Gerrard Keulemans (1842–1912) | Public domain
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Crested oropendola images

Oct 15, 2018
Bird World   ›   Crested oropendola   ›   Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus images
Taxonomic classification   < >   Images

The crested oropendola (Psarocolius decumanus) belongs to the family Icteridae under the order Passeriformes.

Crested oropendola taxonomy

The family Icteridae comprises colorful, New-World passerine birds. The family Icteridae was first introduced by Nicholas Aylward Vigors (1785 – 26 October 1840), an Irish zoologist and politician, in the year 1825.

The family Icteridae contains 28 extant genera, including genus Psarocolius. The genus Psarocolius was first described by Johann Georg Wagler (28 March 1800 – 23 August 1832), a German herpetologist, in the year 1827.

The genus Psarocolius tentatively comprises six oropendola species, viz., Psarocolius guatimozinus, Psarocolius wagleri, Psarocolius angustifrons, Psarocolius atrovirens, Psarocolius viridis and Psarocolius decumanus.

The species Psarocolius decumanus was first described by Peter Simon Pallas FRS FRSE (22 September 1741 – 8 September 1811), a Prussian zoologist and botanist, in the year 1769.

The oropendola species Psarocolius decumanus is polytypic. The species Psarocolius decumanus comprises three subspecies, viz., Psarocolius decumanus decumanus, Psarocolius decumanus insularis and Psarocolius decumanus maculosus.

Taxonomic classification
Binomial name:	Psarocolius decumanus
Species:	P. decumanus
Genus:	Psarocolius
Subfamily:	-
Family:	Icteridae
Order:	Passeriformes
Class:	Aves
Phylum:	Chordata
Kingdom:	Animalia

1.Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus
Image by Charles J Sharp

2.Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus
Image by Alastair Rae

3.Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus
Image by Francesco Veronesi

4.Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus
Image by Sabrina Setaro

5.Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus
Image by Charles Patrick Ewing

6.Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus
Image by David Cook

7.Psarocolius decumanus
Image by SandyCole

8.Psarocolius decumanus
Image by DickDaniels (http://carolinabirds.org/)

9.Psarocolius decumanus
Image by David Lagan

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1.Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crested_oropendola_(Psarocolius_decumanus_insularis).jpg (cropped)
Author: Charles J Sharp | License: CC BY-SA 4.0 as on 10/15/18
2.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/merula/17162839507/ (cropped)
Author: Alastair Rae | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 10/15/18
3.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/francesco_veronesi/23806841951/ (cropped)
Author: Francesco Veronesi | License: CC BY-SA 2.0 as on 10/15/18
4.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/sabrina_setaro/24494171467/ (cropped)
Author: Sabrina Setaro | License: CC BY 2.0 as on 10/15/18
5.Image source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/132033298@N04/23167324094/ (cropped)
Author: Charles Patrick Ewing | License: CC BY 2.0 as on 10/15/18
6.Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/kookr/2845969148/ (cropped)
Author: David Cook | License: CC BY-NC 2.0 as on 10/15/18
7.Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ (cropped)
Author: SandyCole | License: CC BY-SA 3.0 as on 10/15/18
8.Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/ (cropped)
Author: DickDaniels (http://carolinabirds.org/) | License: CC BY-SA 3.0 as on 10/15/18
9.Source: https://www.flickr.com/photos/131651843@N08/23794616671/
Author: David Lagan | License: CC BY-ND 2.0 as on 10/15/18
Detailed description and information on distribution, habitat, behavior, feeding and breeding habits, migration and conservation status of beautiful birds with their images.
Recently updated and current topic in Bird World: Crested oropendola - Psarocolius decumanus images.